Aim and Object of Probation of offenders Act 1958 –
The probation of offenders act was passed in 1958 to provide for release of offenders on probation or after due admonition and for matters connected therewith.
Object-
The question of release of offenders on probation of good conduct instead of sentencing them to imprisonment would be in the interest of justice as well as
in the interest of society.
Environment pollution means the presence of any substance in the environment which is harmful for human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro-organisms and property.
The term cruelty is indirectly dealt with, in the section 304B of the Indian Penal Code.
Actually this section explains dowry death of a woman.
It states that if the death of a woman is caused by burning her or by causing any bodily injury within a period of seven years of marriage. Before the death of the woman, she should be subjected to cruelty or harassment by her in – laws including her husband or any relative of the husband.
The word “Cruelty” has been extensively defined under this section which includes not only harassment done by the husband but also by his relatives. The punishment for this offence is three years imprisonment and fine.
The section 498 A of Indian Penal Code is read as-
“Husband or relative of husband of a woman subjecting her to cruelty- Whoever, being the husband or the relative of the husband of woman, subjects such woman to cruelty shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine.
Explanation-
For the purpose of this section, cruelty means-
(a) any willful conduct which is of such a nature as is likely to drive the woman to commit suicide or to cause grave injury or danger to life, limb or health (whether mental or physical) of woman; or
(b) harassment of the woman where such harassment is with a view to coercing her or any person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any property or valuable security or is on account of failure by her or any person related to her to meet such demand.”
The terms ‘Economic Crime’ and ‘White Collar Crimes’ are more often than not, used as synonyms In fact, both the terms need to be used to define different categories of crime. While white collar crimes can be said to be crimes committed by professionals like chartered accountants, public servants, private employees in the course oftheir occupation, economic offences are crimes committed by intelligent but devious individuals involving huge sums ofpublic or government money.
The question is ‘does gender represent anatomical sex differences or are gender roles independent constructs’. In other words, it is to be decided if, gender is wired into biology. On examination, it will be clear that this is not one question but two. First it has to be established that natural kinds exist in nature and that primates are a natural kind. When biologists speak of the three stages of sex-linked identity, beginning with the primary stage of chromosome-based identity, it is to be ascertained if, they can really provide an essentialist definition of male and female identity.
While discussing the brute fact of biological identity of sex differences between male and female one may insist on remaining confined to scientific explanations based on ‘hard’ data. All these sophisticated philosophical questions revolving on how our conceptual schemes fit the world or all these discussions relating to the concept of ‘concepts’ may seem entirely out of place and misleading. It has already been established beyond doubt that the male members of the species have Y-chromosomes which the female members lack Probably, this is the accepted basis of the distinction between males and females. Starting from this base it could be argued that subsequent secondary and tertiary sex traits are causally linked to this basic chromosome differentia. Many environmental factors add on to the complex sex-traits of the tertiary stage.
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